Solar charge controller adaptable for multiple solar substring chemistries and configurations

ABSTRACT

A system for balancing voltages in solar substrings in a first solar panel includes an inductive balancer circuit. The inductive balancer circuit includes a first power level pair and a second power level pair each coupled to the solar substring, and including: a pair of switches arranged in series; a pair of capacitors arranged in series and connected in parallel to the first pair of switches; and an inductor arranged between the first pair of switches and the first pair of capacitors. The system further includes a controller coupled to the inductive balancer circuit and configured to: oscillate states of the pair of switches at a duty cycle; balance voltages across the first power level pair and the second power level pair; and generate a total voltage output that is a multiple of a nominal operating voltage of a most-illuminated solar substring.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation application of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 17/484,615, filed on 24 Sep. 2021, which claims thebenefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/083,817, filed on 25 Sep.2020, and is entitled “Solar Charge Controller Adaptable for MultipleSolar Substring Chemistries and Configurations”, which is incorporatedin its entirety by this reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This invention relates generally to the field of solar power systems andmore specifically to a new and useful solar charge controller adaptablefor multiple solar substring chemistries and configurations in the fieldof solar power systems.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of an example implementation of asystem;

FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of an example implementation of thesystem;

FIG. 3 is a graphical representation of an example implementation of thesystem; and

FIG. 4 is a schematic representation of an example implementation of thesystem.

DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

The following description of embodiments of the invention is notintended to limit the invention to these embodiments but rather toenable a person skilled in the art to make and use this invention.Variations, configurations, implementations, example implementations,and examples described herein are optional and are not exclusive to thevariations, configurations, implementations, example implementations,and examples they describe. The invention described herein can includeany and all permutations of these variations, configurations,implementations, example implementations, and examples.

1. System

As shown in FIGS. 1-4, a system 100 is configured to interface with andto balance power output by a set of solar substrings, which canexperience uneven illumination—and therefore uneven poweroutput—throughout operation. For example, the system 100 can define apower controller 210 configured to interface with and to balance poweroutput by a set of solar substrings: arranged on multiple facets of apitched residential roof; arranged on a flat roof shaded by nearby treesor other buildings; arranged on a vehicle rooftop; or otherwise arrangedon or across two or more non-parallel surfaces and/or exposed tovariable shading.

In particular, when a set of solar substrings (e.g., individual solarcells, groups of solar cells in a solar substring)—connected inseries—are not uniformly illuminated, the total output current from theset of solar cells is limited to the current through the lowest-outputsolar cell in the set. Therefore, rather than implement a bypass diodeto route current from a higher-output solar substring around alower-output solar substring, the system 100 can include: a set of powerlevel pairs, each connected to one solar substring (e.g., in ahalf-level voltage boost configuration) or to two solar substrings(e.g., in a full-level voltage balancing configuration); a pair ofswitches and capacitors within each power level pair; and a transformer130 that includes one winding per power level pair. As a controller 210in the system 100 alternates states of transistor pairs within eachchange pump in these power level pairs, the windings within thetransformer 130 can couple to force a common voltage—equal to a maximumvoltage across any one solar substring in the set—across each powerlevel, thereby boosting the total voltage output of the system 100 andsolar substrings to a multiple of the nominal operating voltages of thesolar substrings, even if some or most of these solar substrings areshaded or inconsistently illuminated. Beyond balancing the voltagesacross each power level, the windings also store energy output by thesolar substrings in the lower power levels and then transform thisstored energy into current output from the last power level to a load270, thereby isolating the total current output (and thus total poweroutput) of the system 100 from current throughput limitations of asingle least-illuminated solar substring in the set.

Therefore, each power level pair: includes a pair of switches (e.g.,transistor) arranged in series; a pair of capacitors arranged in seriesand connected in parallel to the pair of switches; and a winding of atransformer 130 interposed between the switches and capacitors,cooperating with the pair of switches and capacitors to balance voltagesacross the two power levels within the power level pair, configured tostore energy output by solar substrings connected to multiple powerlevel pairs, and configured to output current to a load 270 (e.g., via alast power level in the system 100) as a function of the sum of theenergy output by all solar substrings in the set. More specifically, thesystem 100 includes a transformer 130 connected across a set of powerlevels and a controller 210 configured to oscillate states oftransistors within each power level to produce: a total voltage outputthat is a multiple of a nominal operating voltage of a most-illuminatedsolar substring connected to the system 100; and a total output powerthat is a combination of (e.g., a sum) of the individual output powersof each connected solar substring—and not limited to the power output orcurrent throughput of a single least-illuminated solar substring in theset.

Furthermore, by balancing mismatched output currents from a set of solarsubstrings, the system 100 can interface solar substrings of twodifferent solar cell chemistries—such as perovskite and silicon, whichcan exhibit different output voltages (and different output powers)under identical illumination conditions—connected to each power levelpair. In this configuration, the controller 210 can vary the duty cycleat which transistors in the power level pairs are switched in order tomaintain each solar cell chemistry at its nominal operating voltage evenif only one solar substring and/or one solar cell chemistry connected tothe system 100 is illuminated or otherwise outputting power.

In one variation of the exemplary implementation depicted in FIG. 1, thesystem 100 can include an inductive balancer circuit 120. The inductivebalancer circuit 120 can include a first power level pair 122 coupled toa first solar substring 111 including: a first pair of switches 140arranged in series; a first pair of capacitors 150 arranged in seriesand connected in parallel to the first pair of switches 140; and a firstwinding 132 or inductor arranged in between the first pair of switches140 and the first pair of capacitors 150. The inductive balancer circuit120 can also include a second power level pair 124 coupled to a secondsolar substring 112 including: a second pair of switches 160 arranged inseries; a second pair of capacitors 170 arranged in series and connectedin parallel to the second pair of switches 160; and a second winding 134or inductor arranged between the second pair of switches 160 and thesecond pair of capacitors 170, connected to the first pair of switches140 and the first pair of capacitors 150. The system 100 can furtherinclude a controller 210 coupled to the inductive balancer circuit 120and configured to initiate a balancing cycle. During the balancingcycle, the controller 210 can: oscillate states of the first pair ofswitches 140 and the second pair of switches 160 at a first duty cycle;balance voltages across the first power level pair 122 and the secondpower level pair 124; and generate a total voltage output that is amultiple of a nominal operating voltage of a most illuminated solarsubstring.

In one variation of the exemplary implementation depicted in FIG. 2, thesystem 100 can include: a first solar substring in and a second solarsubstring 112 defining a first pair of solar panel substrings; and athird solar substring 113 and a fourth solar substring 114 defining asecond pair of solar panel substrings. The system 100 can also includean inductive balancer circuit 120. The inductive balancer circuit 120can include a first power level pair 122 coupled to the first pair ofsolar substrings including: a first pair of switches 140 arranged inseries; a first pair of capacitors 150 arranged in series and connectedin parallel to the first pair of switches 140; and a first winding 132or inductor arranged in between the first pair of switches 140 and thefirst pair of capacitors 150. The inductive balancer circuit 120 canalso include a second power level pair 124 coupled to the second pair ofsolar substrings including: a second pair of switches 160 arranged inseries; a second pair of capacitors 170 arranged in series and connectedin parallel to the second pair of switches 160; and a second winding 134or inductor arranged between the second pair of switches 160 and thesecond pair of capacitors 170, connected to the first pair of switches140 and the first pair of capacitors 150. The system 100 can furtherinclude a controller 210 coupled to the inductive balancer circuit 120and configured to initiate a balancing cycle. During the balancing cyclethe controller 210 can: oscillate states of the first pair of switches140 and the second pair of switches 160 at a first duty cycle; balancevoltages across the first power level pair 122 and the second powerlevel pair 124; induce a fixed voltage boost ratio; and generate a totalvoltage output as a function of the ratio of each of the first powerlevel pair 122, second power level pair 124, and the first duty cycle.

In one variation of the exemplary implementation depicted in FIGS. 3-4,the system 100 can include a solar panel 110 including a set of solarsubstrings and defining a front face and a rear face. The system 100 canalso include: a housing structure 220 arranged on the rear face of thesolar panel 110; and a rod structure 240 extending outwardly from a sideend of the housing and coupled to the solar panel 110. The housingstructure 220 can include: an inductive balancer circuit 120; and acontroller 210 coupled to the inductive balancer circuit 120; each ofthe inductive balancer circuit 120 and the controller 210 enclosedwithin the housing structure 220.

2. Applications

In a voltage boost ratio configuration depicted in FIG. 2, the system100 is connected to a set of solar substrings at only a subset of powerlevel pairs. Each power level pair and the transformer 130 similarlycooperate to: balance the voltages across every power level, includingthe unpopulated power levels; produce a fixed voltage boost ratio andconsistent voltage output as a function of the ratio of populated tototal power levels and the duty cycle of the transistors; accumulateenergy output by the solar substrings connected to the subset of powerlevels; and transform this energy into a current output to a load 270without a least-illuminated solar substring in the set limiting thetotal current output.

In a half-level configuration depicted in FIG. 1, each power level pairin the same system 100 is connected to a single solar substring. In thisconfiguration, each power level pair and the transformer 130 similarlycooperate to: drive the voltage across each solar substring to a commonoperating voltage equal to the maximum voltage across any solarsubstring connected to the system 100; accumulate energy output by thesolar substrings connected to the subset of power levels; and transformthis energy into a current output to a load 270 without aleast-illuminated solar substring in the set limiting the total currentoutput. In this configuration, the controller 210 can also vary the dutycycle at which transistors in the power level pairs are switched inorder to drive the voltage across each unpopulated power level to acontrolled voltage greater than, less, than, or equal to the commonoperating voltage across the solar substrings, thereby controlling thetotal output voltage of the system 100, which is a sum of the voltagesacross each populated and unpopulated power level.

Therefore, the system 100 can define a singular power controller 210configured to connect to multiple solar substrings: up to a total numberof power levels in the system 100; of a single solar cell chemistry orof two different solar cell chemistries; and in various configurations.In these configurations, the system 100 can enable different fixedvoltage boost ratios, load 270 balancing across different solar cellchemistries, and/or direct maximum power point tracking, etc. merely byvarying a duty cycle at which transistors in the power level pairs areswitched.

The system 100 is described herein as a discrete power controller 210configured to connect to a set of external solar substrings, eachincluding one or more solar cells of one solar cell chemistry andconnected in parallel or in series. However, the system 100 canalternatively be integrated into one solar panel 110 (e.g., installedwithin or connected to a rigid housing of the solar panel 110) andconnected to a set of solar cells and/or solar substrings arrangedwithin the solar panel 110.

3. Solar Substring Power Output Variance

Generally, a group of solar substrings can exhibit non-uniform poweroutput over time due to changes in solar illumination, shading, andlocal reflectance (hereinafter “illumination”). Illumination profiles ofgroups of solar substrings can also vary greatly across differentgeographic locations and different solar substring installationorientations. For example, a group of solar substrings can be installedon a flat roof, across multiple non-parallel facets of a pitched roof,on a roof of a passenger vehicle, or in an open field. Groups of solarsubstrings in these installations can therefore be exposed tosignificantly different illumination profiles over time, and solarsubstrings within each group can be illuminated and shaded differentlyand can therefore output significantly different power magnitudes at anygiven time.

The system 100 can therefore include power electronics configured tocondition and merge outputs of these solar substrings—which can benearly identical (e.g., 300 Watts each) within certain daily timewindings (e.g., midday) and very different (e.g., between 50 Watts and500 Watts) at other times of day (e.g., early afternoon)—into one commonhigher-voltage, higher-current output.

For example, for a solar installation containing multiple solarsubstrings arranged on different facets of a pitched roof, aneast-facing solar substring in the solar installation can receivepredominant illumination, the south-facing solar substring in the solarinstallation can receive some illumination, and the west-facing solarsubstring in the solar installation can receive minimal illumination(e.g., from reflection) from sunrise through mid-morning (e.g., SAMuntil 10 AM). Therefore, in this example: the east-facing solarsubstring can generate an average of Watts and a peak of 200 Watts ofpower at an average operating voltage of 1.12 Volts during this morningperiod; the south-facing solar substring can generate an average of 50Watts and a peak of 200 Watts of power at an average operating voltageof 1.09 Volts during this morning period; and the west-facing solarsubstring can generate an average of 5 Watts and a peak of 20 Watts ofpower at an average operating voltage of 1.0 Volt during this morningperiod if these solar substrings are disconnected and operatedindependently. If these solar substrings are connected in series withoutthe multi-winding transformer 130, the total output of the set of solarsubstrings can drop to an average of 5 Amps over 3.21 Volts and 16 Wattsoutput power.

In the foregoing example, the east-facing solar substring can receivesome illumination (e.g., from both reflection and direct illumination),the south-facing solar substring can receive predominant illumination,and the west-facing solar substring can receive some illumination frommid-morning to mid-afternoon (e.g., 10 AM until 3 PM). Therefore, theeast-facing solar substring can generate an average of 150 Watts and apeak of 300 Watts of power at an average operating voltage of 1.15 Voltsduring this midday period; the south-facing solar substring can generatean average of 300 Watts and a peak of 350 Watts of power at an averageoperating voltage of 1.2 Volts during this midday period; and thewest-facing solar substring can generate an average of 150 Watts and apeak of 300 Watts of power at an average operating voltage of 1.15 Voltsduring this midday period if these solar substrings are disconnected andoperated independently. If these solar substrings are connected inseries without the multi-winding transformer 130, the total output ofthe set of solar substrings can drop to an average of 130 Amps over 3.5Volts and 456 Watts of output power.

Furthermore, in this example, the east-facing solar substring canreceive minimal illumination (e.g., from reflection), the south-facingsolar substring can receive some illumination, and the west-facing solarsubstring can receive predominant illumination from mid-afternoon todusk (e.g., 3 PM until 8 PM). Therefore, in this example: theeast-facing solar substring can generate an average of 5 Watts and apeak of 20 Watts of power at an average operating voltage of 1.0 Voltduring this evening period; the south-facing solar substring cangenerate an average of 50 Watts and a peak of 200 Watts of power at anaverage operating voltage of 1.09 Volts during this evening period; andthe west-facing solar substring can generate an average of Watts and apeak of 200 Watts of power at an average operating voltage of 1.12 Voltsduring this evening period. If these solar substrings are connected inseries without the multi-winding transformer 130, the total output ofthe set of solar substrings can drop to an average of 5 Amps over 3.21Volts and 16 Watts of output power.

Therefore, the effective operating voltage and power output of theeast-, south-, and west-facing solar substring can vary significantlyover time during a single day and can differ significantly between solarsubstrings (e.g., by up to 200 Watts and 0.2 Volts between two solarsubstrings at any single instant in time). Furthermore, differences inoutput power and current from these solar substrings under unevenillumination can significantly reduce total power output of the set ofsolar substrings arranged in series.

Thus, the set of solar substrings can be connected to the system 100 inseries—such as with each power level pair in the system 100 connected toone solar substring in the set—in order to achieve a total outputvoltage equal to a multiple of the nominal output voltage of theseindividual solar substrings. The controller 210 (e.g., including a gatedrive, clock, etc.) in the system 100 can then modulate the duty cycleat which transistors in these power level pairs are switched in order tomatch this total output voltage of the system 100 to a target outputvoltage to a connected load 270. The system 100 can also include amulti-winding transformer 130 that accumulates energy output by all ofthese solar substrings and transforms this energy into a current outputfrom a last power level in the system 100, thereby avoiding transmissionof current from one solar substring to a next solar substring in theseries, which can otherwise limit total current throughout and thustotal power output from the set of solar substrings.

Accordingly, the system 100 can control and maintain output totalvoltage from the set of solar substrings even in partial shading andvarying illumination conditions while also achieving greater totaloutput power from these solar substrings, thereby enabling the solarinstallation to supply greater power to a load 270 for a given amount ofincident light on these solar substrings at any instant in time.

4. Power Level Pair

As shown in FIG. 1, the system 100 includes a set of power level pairs,each including: a first (lower) power level; a second (upper) powerlevel; a set of transistors and capacitors; and a winding of an inductorthat accumulates energy from a connected solar substring(s), couples towindings in other power level pairs to balance the voltages across eachpower level pair, and interfaces with the set of transistors andcapacitors in the power level pair to balance voltages across the firstand second power levels.

4.1 First Power Level Pair

In one example implementation, a first power level pair 122 includes: afirst junction 122 a coupled to a ground rail; a second junction 122 bcoupled to the first junction 122 a via a first capacitor 152(hereinafter an “odd” or smoothing capacitor); a first transistor 142(e.g., a MOSFET) including a first source 142 a (or drain) connected tothe ground rail, a first drain 142 b (or source), and a first gate 142 cconnected to a first control output of the controller 210; and a secondtransistor 144 including a second source 144 a (or drain) connected tothe first drain 142 b of the first transistor 142, a second drain 144 b(or source) connected to the second junction 122 b, and a second gate144 c connected to a second control output of the controller 210 (e.g.,including a gate drive, clock, etc.)—180° out of phase with the firstcontrol output. Furthermore, in this example implementation: the firstdrain 142 b of the first transistor 142 and the second source 144 a ofthe second transistor 144 are connected to the first junction 122 a viaa first winding 132 of the transformer 130; and the second drain 144 bof the second transistor 144 is connected to the second junction 122 bvia a second capacitor 154 (hereinafter an “even” capacitor).

In particular, in this example implementation, the first transistor 142,the first capacitor 152, and the first junction 122 a and secondjunction 122 b are connected in parallel; the first transistor 142 andsecond transistor 144 are connected in series; and the first capacitor152 and second capacitor 154 are connected in series.

In one variation of the example implementation shown in FIG. 2, thesystem 100 can include grounded capacitors 200. For example, the firstpower level pair 122 can also include a first grounded capacitor 201coupled to the second junction 122 b and connected to the ground rail.In this variation of the example implementation, the first transistor142, the first capacitor 152, the first grounded capacitor 201, and thefirst junction 122 a and second junction 122 b are connected inparallel; the first transistor 142 and second transistor 144 areconnected in series; and the first capacitor 152 and the secondcapacitor 154 are connected in series. The grounded capacitor can beincorporated into the system 100 to improve high frequency filtering. Inanother variation, the system 100 can include only the first groundedcapacitor 201 and exclude the first capacitor 152 and the secondcapacitor 154.

Thus, the first transistor 142 and second transistor 144 alternateconnectivity between the first and second power levels across the groundrail and the second junction 122 b. The first winding 132: is energizedby a solar substring connected to the first junction 122 a and secondjunction 122 b and/or by other windings in the transformer 130; drivesthe voltage across the first junction 122 a and second junction 122 b toa nominal operating voltage of at least one solar substring connected tothe system 100 during a high inductive drive stage (described below)controlled by the controller 210; drives the voltage across the secondcapacitor 154 to a nominal operating voltage of at least one solarsubstring connected to the system 100 during a low inductive drive stage(described below) controlled by the controller 210; and storesenergy—output by a solar substring(s) connected to the first and/orsecond power levels and remaining after balancing the voltages acrossthe first and second power levels—in the core of the transformer 130.

4.2 Second Power Level Pair

In the foregoing example implementation, a second power level pair 124includes: a third junction 124 a coupled between the second capacitor154 and the second drain 144 b of the second transistor 144; a fourthjunction 124 b coupled to the third junction 124 a via a third capacitor172; a third transistor 162 (e.g., a MOSFET) including a third source162 a (or drain) connected to the ground rail, a third drain 162 b (orsource), and a third gate 162 c connected to a third control output ofthe controller 210; and a fourth transistor 164 including a fourthsource 164 a (or drain) connected to the third drain 162 b of the thirdtransistor 162, a fourth drain 164 b (or source) connected to the fourthjunction 124 b, and a fourth gate 164 c connected to a fourth controloutput of the controller 210—180° out of phase with the third controloutput. Furthermore, in this example implementation: the third drain 162b of the third transistor 162 and the fourth source 164 a of the fourthtransistor 164 are connected to the third junction 124 a via a secondwinding 134 of the transformer 130; and the fourth drain 164 b of thefourth transistor 164 is connected to the fourth junction 124 b via afourth capacitor 174.

In particular, in this example implementation, the third transistor 162,the third capacitor 172, and the third junction 124 a and fourthjunction 124 b are connected in parallel; the third transistor 162 andfourth transistor 164 are connected in series; and the third capacitor172 and fourth capacitor 174 are connected in series.

In one variation of this example implementation shown in FIG. 2, thesecond power level pair 124 can also include: a second groundedcapacitor 202 coupled to the third junction 124 a and connected to theground rail; and a third grounded capacitor 103 coupled to the fourthjunction 124 b and connected to the ground rail. In particular, in thisvariation of the example implementation: the second transistor 144, thesecond capacitor 154, the second grounded capacitor 202, and the secondjunction 122 b and third junction 124 a are connected in parallel; thethird transistor 162, the third capacitor 172, the third groundedcapacitor 103, and the third junction 124 a and fourth junction 124 bare connected in parallel; the third transistor 162 and fourthtransistor 164 are connected in series; and the third capacitor 172 andfourth capacitor 174 are connected in series. The second groundedcapacitor 202 can be incorporated into the system 100 to improve highfrequency filtering. In another variation of the example implementation,the system 100 can only include the second grounded capacitor 202 andthe third grounded capacitor 103 and exclude the third capacitor 172 andthe fourth capacitor 174

Thus, the first transistor 142 and second transistor 144 alternateconnectivity between the first and second power levels across the groundrail and the second junction 122 b.

Thus, the third transistor 162 and fourth transistor 164 alternateconnectivity between the third and fourth power levels across the thirdjunction 124 a and fourth junction 124 b. The second winding 134: isenergized by a solar substring connected to the third junction 124 a andfourth junction 124 b and/or by other windings in the transformer 130;drives the voltage across the third junction 124 a and fourth junction124 b to a nominal operating voltage of at least one solar substringconnected to the system 100 during a high inductive drive stage(described below) controlled by the controller 210; drives the voltageacross the fourth capacitor 174 to a nominal operating voltage of atleast one solar substring connected to the system 100 during a lowinductive drive stage (described below) controlled by the controller210; and stores energy—output by a solar substring(s) connected to thethird and/or fourth power levels and remaining after balancing thevoltages across the third and fourth power levels—in the core of thetransformer 130.

4.3 Additional Power Level Pair

The system 100 can include additional, similar power level pairs abovethe first power level pair 122 and second power level pair 124.

4.4 Last Power Level Pair

For an example implementation of the system 100 including three powerlevel pairs (i.e., six power levels), the third (i.e., last) power levelpair can include a third power level pair 126 coupled to a fifth solarsubstring 115 and/or a sixth solar substring 116. The system 100 canalso include a third pair of switches 180 arranged in series and a thirdpair of capacitors 190 arranged in series. Furthermore, the system canalso include: a fifth junction 126 a coupled between the fourthcapacitor 174 and the fourth drain 164 b of the fourth transistor 164; asixth junction 126 b coupled to the fifth junction 126 a via an fifthcapacitor 192; a fifth transistor 182 (e.g., a MOSFET) including anfifth source 182 a (or drain) connected to the ground rail, an fifthdrain 182 b (or source), and an fifth gate 182 c connected to an fifthcontrol output of the controller 210; and a sixth transistor 184including a sixth source 184 a (or drain) connected to the fifth drain182 b of the fifth transistor 182, a sixth drain 184 b (or source)connected to the sixth junction 126 b, and a sixth gate 184 c connectedto a sixth control output of the controller 210—180° out of phase withthe fifth control output. Furthermore, in this example implementation:the fifth drain 182 b of the fifth transistor 182 and the sixth source184 a of the sixth transistor 184 are connected to the fifth junction126 a via a third winding 136 of the transformer 130; and the sixthdrain 184 b of the sixth transistor 184 is connected to the sixthjunction 126 b via a sixth capacitor 194.

In particular, in this example implementation, the fifth transistor 182,the fifth capacitor 192, and the fifth junction 126 a and sixth junction126 b are connected in parallel; the fifth transistor 182 and sixthtransistor 184 are connected in series; and the fifth capacitor 192 andsixth capacitor 194 are connected in series.

In one variation of this example implementation shown in FIG. 2, thethird power level pair 126 can also include: a fourth grounded capacitor204 coupled to the fifth junction 126 a and connected to the groundrail; and a fifth grounded capacitor 205 coupled to the sixth junction126 b and connected to the ground rail. In particular, in this variationof the example implementation: the fourth transistor 164, the fourthcapacitor 174, the fourth grounded capacitor 204, and the fourthjunction 124 b and fifth junction 126 a are connected in parallel; thefifth transistor 182, the fifth capacitor 192, the fifth groundedcapacitor 205, and the fifth junction 126 a and sixth junction 126 b areconnected in parallel; the fifth transistor 182 and sixth transistor 184are connected in series; and the fifth capacitor 192 and sixth capacitor194 are connected in series. The second grounded capacitor 202 can beincorporated into the system 100 to improve high frequency filtering. Inthis variation of this implementation, the third power level pair 126can also include a seventh junction 126 c coupled between the sixthcapacitor 194 and the second drain 144 b of the sixth transistor 184.Furthermore, in this variation of the example implementation, the thirdpower level can include a sixth grounded capacitor 206 coupled to theseventh junction 126 c and connected to the ground rail. In particular,in this variation of the implementation, the sixth transistor 184, thesixth capacitor 194, the sixth grounded capacitor 206, and the sixth andseventh junction 126 cs are connected in parallel.

Thus, the fifth transistor 182 and sixth transistor 184 cooperate withthe sixth capacitor 194 to alternate connectivity between the fifth andsix power levels across the fifth junction 126 a and sixth junction 126b. The third winding 136: is energized by a solar substring connected tothe fifth junction 126 a and sixth junction 126 b and/or by otherwindings in the transformer 130; drives the voltage across the fifthjunction 126 a and sixth junction 126 b to a nominal operating voltageof at least one solar substring connected to the system 100 during ahigh inductive drive stage (described below) controlled by thecontroller 210; drives the voltage across the sixth capacitor 194 to anominal operating voltage of at least one solar substring connected tothe system 100 during a low inductive drive stage (described below)controlled by the controller 210; stores energy—output by a solarsubstring(s) connected to the fifth and/or sixth power levels andremaining after balancing the voltages across the fifth and sixth powerlevels—in the core of the transformer 130; and converts energy stored inthe transformer 130 core into current output to a load 270 connected tothe power rail during low inductive drive stages controlled by thecontroller 210.

5. Power Level Pair Coupling

The system 100 also includes a transformer 130 containing one windingper power level pair. As described below, the transformer 130 functions:to drive each even power level (i.e., the first, third, and fifth . . .power levels) to a common “even” voltage; and to drive each odd powerlevel (i.e., the second, fourth, and sixth . . . power levels) to acommon “odd” voltage. (The controller 210 can vary the duty cycle atwhich the transistors in each power level pair are switched in order tocontrol the ratio between the common even and odd voltages, as describedbelow.)

The system 100 is described below as including three power level pairs,each connected to one winding within a three-winding transformer 130.However, the system 100 can include any other number of power levelpairs and a transform containing any other number of windings.

6. Controller and Clock

The controller 210 outputs oscillating first and second controlsignals—such as approximating square waves 180° out of phase—totransistor pairs in each power level pair in order to switch states ofthese transistors, thereby oscillating current flow through a winding ina power level pair, driving voltages across power levels in the powerlevel pair, and driving the winding in the power level pair to couple toother windings in the transformer 130.

In particular, the controller 210 drives gates of the transistors at anoperating frequency tuned to the resonant frequency of an LC-circuitformed by a winding and a capacitor in each power level pair. Thecontroller 210 also drives gates of the transistors at a fixed orvariable duty cycle, which controls the ratio of voltage across the oddpower level to the voltage across the even power level in each powerlevel pair, as described below.

7. Half-Level Balancing

In a half-level configuration shown in FIG. 1, a solar substring isconnected to every even power level (i.e., the second, fourth, sixth . .. power levels); and a solar substring is omitted from every odd powerlevel (i.e., the first, third, fifth . . . power levels).

7.1 First High Inductive Drive Stage

Generally, in this configuration, the controller 210 drives the firstcontrol signal to a voltage “HI” state and drives the second controlsignal to a voltage “LO” state (hereinafter a “high inductive drivestage”) during a first high inductive drive stage, thereby setting allodd transistors to closed (or “ON”) states and all even transistors toopen (or “OFF”) states. If a first solar substring 111 connected to thefirst power level is illuminated, the first solar substring 111 producesa nominal operating voltage (e.g., 1.0V) across the first junction 122 aand second junction 122 b of the first power level pair 122. During thisfirst high inductive drive stage, the first transistor 142 couples thetransistor-side of the first winding 132 of the transformer 130 toground, which produces a voltage change in a first direction (or “firstpolarity”) across the first winding 132 of the transformer 130 up to thenominal operating voltage, and current output by the first solarsubstring 111 therefore flows in the first direction through the firstwinding 132 of the transformer 130.

This AC signal passing through the first winding 132 also causes thefirst winding 132 to couple to each other winding in the transformer 130and to drive these other windings to the same nominal operating voltagein the first direction, thereby increasing the voltage across any othersolar substring—connected to an odd power level in the system 100—thatis currently shaded or otherwise outputting a lower voltage than thefirst solar substring 111.

7.2 First Low Inductive Drive Stage

The controller 210 then sets the odd transistors to open states and theeven transistors to closed states during a first low inductive drivestage. Current flowing through the first winding 132 of the transformer130 during the preceding high inductive drive stage continues to flowthrough the first winding 132 (i.e., due to inductance of the firstwinding 132) and passes through the second transistor 144. Theilluminated first solar substring 111 continues to output current, whichalso flows toward the first winding 132 and through the secondtransistor 144 during this low inductive drive stage. This energy isthen stored on the second capacitor 154 and produces a voltage acrossthe second capacitor 154.

In particular, if the controller 210 switches between the high and lowinductive drive stages at 50% duty (i.e., 50% of each cycle in the highinductive drive stage and 50% of each cycle in the low inductive drivestage), this transition from the high inductive drive stage to the lowinductive drive stage produces a voltage across the second capacitor 154approaching or equal to the voltage across the first solar substring 111(i.e., a 1:1 voltage ratio between the first and second powerlevels)—that is, the nominal operating voltage of the first solarsubstring 111. (The voltage between the ground rail and the thirdjunction 124 a thus approaches or equals twice the operating voltage ofthe first solar substring 111.)

Alternatively, if the controller 210 switches between the high and lowinductive drive stages at 75% duty (i.e., 75% of each cycle in the highinductive drive stage and 25% of each cycle in the low inductive drivestage), transition from the high inductive drive stage to the lowinductive drive stage produces a voltage across the second capacitor 154equal to three times (i.e., 0.75:0.25) the voltage across the firstsolar substring 111 (i.e., a 1:3 voltage ratio between the first andsecond power levels)—that is, three times the nominal operating voltageof the first solar substring 111. (The voltage between the ground railand the third junction 124 a thus approaches or equals four times theoperating voltage of the first solar substring 111.)

Yet alternatively, if the controller 210 switches between the high andlow inductive drive stages at 40% duty (i.e., 40% of each cycle in thehigh inductive drive stage and 60% of each cycle in the low inductivedrive stage), transition from the high inductive drive stage to the lowinductive drive stage produces a voltage across the second capacitor 154equal to two-thirds (i.e., 0.40:0.60) the voltage across the first solarsubstring 111 (i.e., a 3:2 voltage ratio between the first and secondpower levels)—that is, two-thirds the nominal operating voltage of thefirst solar substring 111. (The voltage between the ground rail and thethird junction 124 a thus approaches or equals 1.67 times the operatingvoltage of the first solar substring 111.)

Furthermore, this voltage across the second capacitor 154 results in achange (i.e., a reversal) in voltage across the first winding 132 in asecond direction (or “second polarity”). The first winding 132 thereforecouples to the other windings in the transformer 130 and drives theseother windings to (or near) the voltage across the second capacitor 154,thereby inducing a similar voltage across each other even capacitor—andtherefore across each other even power level—in the system 100.

The illumination of the first solar substring 111 and oscillation of thestates of the first transistor 142 and second transistor 144 thusoscillates the polarity of the first winding 132 or inductor at theoperating frequency of the system 100. Accordingly, the six power levelpairs cooperate to drive the voltage between the power and ground railsto the sum of the voltages across the six solar substrings and the sixodd capacitors—that is: 12 times the nominal operating voltage when thesystem 100 operates at 50% duty; 24 times the nominal operating voltagewhen the system 100 operates at 75% duty; or 10 times the nominaloperating voltage when the system 100 operates at 25% duty.

Furthermore, with the voltage across the second capacitor 154 thusdriven to the voltage across the first solar substring 111, the firstwinding 132 stores remaining energy output by the first solar substringin during this low inductive drive stage in the core of the transformer130.

7.3 Next High Inductive Drive Stage

The controller 210 then sets all odd transistors to closed states andall even transistors to open states during a next high inductive drivestage. With the first solar substring 111 remaining illuminated, thefirst solar substring 111 continues to operate at the nominal operatingvoltage. With the second capacitor 154 now charged and holding thenominal operating voltage induced during the preceding high inductivedrive stage, the first winding 132 stores energy output by the firstsolar substring in during the current high inductive drive stage in thecore of the transformer 130.

Furthermore, if the second solar substring 112 is also illuminated, thesecond solar substring 112 outputs a voltage similar to the first solarsubstring 111 (i.e., the nominal operating voltage). The thirdtransistor 162 couples the transistor-side of the second winding 134 ofthe transformer 130 to the second capacitor 154 and to the thirdjunction 124 a, thereby producing a voltage change in the firstdirection across the second winding 134 of the transformer 130 up to thenominal operating voltage. Current output by the second solar substring112 therefore flows in the first direction through the second winding134 of the transformer 130. Because the first solar substring 111 andsecond solar substring 112 are similarly illuminated and operating atsimilar nominal operating voltages, the voltages across the firstwinding 132 and second winding 134 are similar, and minimal or no energyis exchanged between the first power level pair 122 and second powerlevel pair 124 via the transformer 130.

Alternatively, if the second solar substring 112 is shaded during thecurrent high inductive drive stage, the second solar substring 112outputs little or no power. The third transistor 162 couples the secondwinding 134 of the transformer 130 across the second solar substring 112in this high inductive drive stage. Because the first winding 132 andsecond winding 134 are coupled, the transformer 130 drives the voltageacross the second winding 134—and therefore across the second solarsubstring 112—to the nominal operating voltage of the first solarsubstring 111.

7.4 Next Low Inductive Drive Stage

During a next low inductive drive stage, the controller 210 sets all oddtransistors to open states and all even transistors to closed states;current flowing through the second winding 134 of the transformer 130during the previous high inductive drive stage continues to flow throughthe second winding 134 (i.e., due to inductance of the first winding132) and passes through the fourth transistor 164 to drive the voltageacross the fourth capacitor 174 to the nominal output voltage of thefirst solar substring 111.

7.5 Multi-Level Operation

Therefore, in this configuration, the windings of the transformer 130cooperate to: drive the odd capacitors to the nominal operating voltageof the solar substrings; store energy output by illuminated solarsubstrings in the transformer 130 core; and transform energy stored inthe transformed core into current output to a connected load 270 via thesixth power level pair during high inductive drive stages.

For example, if the six solar substrings are similarly illuminated, eachsolar substring outputs power of similar magnitude, such as 1 Wattoutput per solar substring given a nominal solar substring operatingvoltage of 1.0 Volt and a nominal solar substring output current of 1Amp when illuminated for a total of 6 Watts output by the six solarsubstrings when illuminated. When the system 100 operates at 50% duty,the six power level pairs cooperate to produce approximately 12.0 Voltsacross the power and ground rails. The sixth winding in the transformer130 converts energy stored in the transformer 130 core into an averagecurrent output to the load 270 of 0.5 Amps for a total power output ofapproximately 6 Watts.

However, in this example, if only two of the six solar substrings aresimilarly illuminated and the remainder are shaded, each illuminatedsolar substring produces 1 Watt of output power for a total of 2 Wattsoutput across the six solar substrings. When the system 100 operates at50% duty, the six power level pairs cooperate to produce an output ofapproximately 12.0 Volts across the power and ground rails. The sixthwinding in the transformer 130 converts energy stored in the transformer130 core into an average current output to the load 270 of 0.16 Amps fora total power output of approximately 2 Watts.

Similarly, in this example, if only one of the six solar substrings isilluminated and the remainder are shaded, the single illuminated solarsubstring produces 1 Watt of output power for a total of 1 Watt outputacross the six solar substrings. When the system 100 operates at 50%duty, the six power level pairs cooperate to produce an output ofapproximately 12.0 Volts across the power and ground rails. The sixthwinding in the transformer 130 converts energy stored in the transformer130 core into an average current output to the load 270 of 0.08 Amps fora total power output of approximately 0.1 Watts.

7.6 MPPT

In another example implementation, the controller 210 can: implementmaximum power point tracking techniques to monitor a voltage and/orcurrent demand of a load 270, such as a battery; and then adjust theduty cycle in order to match the voltage and/or current output todemands of the load 270.

For example, as described above, the controller 210 can: increase theduty cycle to increase the total voltage output of the system 100 andreduce the current output to the load 270; and decrease the duty cycleto decrease the total voltage output of the system 100 and increase thecurrent output to the load 270.

In one variation of the example implementation, the system 100 caninclude a maximum power point tracking sensor 260 coupled to theinductive balancer circuit 120, and a load 270 connected to the totaloutput voltage of the system 100. The controller 210 can be configuredto: access a voltage load threshold for the load 270; access a firstvoltage reading for the load 270; and decrease the first duty cycle to asecond duty cycle less than the first duty cycle, in response to thevoltage reading exceeding the voltage threshold.

In another variation of the example implementation, the controller 210can: implement maximum power point tracking techniques to monitor afirst voltage output for the first power level pair 122, and a secondvoltage output for the second power level pair 124. The controller 210can be configured to: access a target balance voltage threshold for thefirst voltage output and the second voltage output; access the firstvoltage output of the first power level pair 122; access the secondvoltage output for the second power level pair 124; and terminate abalancing cycle in response to the first voltage output and the secondvoltage output falling within the target balance voltage threshold.Similarly, the controller 210 can also initiate the balancing cycle inresponse to the first voltage output and the second voltage outputfalling out of the target balance threshold.

8. Temperature Tracking

In another example implementation, the controller 210 can: implementtemperature tracking techniques to monitor a temperature of theinductive balancer circuit 120 and/or a load 270, such as a battery; andthen adjust the duty cycle or terminate the balancing cycle in order tomatch a target temperature.

In one variation of the example implementation, the system 100 caninclude a temperature sensor 250 coupled to the inductive balancercircuit 120, and the load 270. The controller 210 can be configured to:access a temperature threshold for the load 270; access a firsttemperature reading for the load 270; and decrease the first duty cycleto a second duty cycle less than the first duty cycle, in response tothe temperature reading exceeding the temperature threshold.

In another variation of the example implementation, the controller 210can regularly monitor temperature readings of the first power level pair122 and the second power level pair 124 to prevent overheating andfailure of the inductive balancing circuit. The controller 210 can beconfigured to: access a target temperature threshold for the first powerlevel pair 122 and the second power level pair 124; access a firsttemperature reading for the first power level pair 122; access a secondtemperature reading for the second power level pair 124; and terminate abalancing cycle in response to the first voltage output and/or thesecond voltage output exceeding the target temperature threshold.Similarly, the controller 210 can also initiate the balancing cycle inresponse to the first voltage output and/or the second voltage outputfalling below the target temperature threshold.

9. Full-Level Balancing

In another configuration shown in FIG. 2, one solar substring—of acommon solar cell chemistry—is connected to each power level.

9.1 Odd Illuminated and Even Shaded Solar Substrings within One PowerLevel Pair

The controller 210 drives the first control signal to a voltage “HI”state and drives the second control signal to a voltage “LO” stateduring a first high inductive drive stage, thereby setting all oddtransistors to closed (or “ON”) states and all even transistors to open(or “OFF”) states. In this configuration, if a first solar substring 111connected to the first power level is illuminated, the first solarsubstring 111 produces a nominal operating voltage (e.g., 1.0V) acrossthe first junction 122 a and second junction 122 b of the first powerlevel pair 122. However, if a second solar substring 112 connected tothe second power level in the first power level pair 122 is shaded, thesecond solar substring 112 produces less or no voltage across the secondjunction 122 b and third junction 124 a. Therefore, during this firsthigh inductive drive stage, the first transistor 142 couples thetransistor-side of the first winding 132 of the transformer 130 toground, which produces a voltage change in a first direction (or “firstpolarity”) across the first winding 132 of the transformer 130 up to thenominal operating voltage, and current output by the first solarsubstring 111 therefore flows in the first direction through the firstwinding 132 of the transformer 130.

This AC signal passing through the first winding 132 also causes thefirst winding 132 to couple to each other winding in the transformer 130and to drive these other windings to the same nominal operating voltagein the first direction, thereby increasing the voltage across any othersolar substring—connected to an odd power level in the system 100—thatis currently shaded or otherwise outputting a lower voltage than thefirst solar substring 111.

The controller 210 then sets the odd transistors to open states and theeven transistors to closed states during a first low inductive drivestage. Current flowing through the first winding 132 of the transformer130 in the first direction during the preceding high inductive drivestage continues to flow through the first winding 132 (i.e., due toinductance of the first winding 132) and passes through the secondtransistor 144. The illuminated first solar substring 111 continues tooutput current, which also flows toward the first winding 132 andthrough the second transistor 144 during this low inductive drive stage.This energy is then stored on the second capacitor 154 and produces avoltage across the second solar substring 112.

In one variation of the example implementation, the illuminated firstsolar substring 111 continues to output current, which also flows towardthe first winding 132 and through the second transistor 144 during thislow inductive drive stage. This energy is then stored on the secondcapacitor 154 and the second grounded capacitor 202, and produces avoltage across the second solar substring 112. In this variation, thesecond capacitor 154 and the second grounded capacitor 202 are in aparallel configuration. Therefore, the second capacitor 154 and thesecond grounded capacitor 202 operate as a single capacitor reflectingthe sum of the capacitance of the second capacitor 154 and the secondgrounded capacitor 202.

In particular, the controller 210 switches between the high and lowinductive drive stages at 50% duty (i.e., 50% of each cycle in the highinductive drive stage and 50% of each cycle in the low inductive drivestage), which produces a voltage across the second capacitor 154 and thesecond solar substring 112 approaching or equal to the voltage acrossthe first solar substring 111, thereby matching the voltages across thefirst solar substring 111 and second solar substring 112 of the samesolar cell chemistry during this illumination condition.

Furthermore, this voltage across the second capacitor 154 results in achange (i.e., a reversal) in voltage across the first winding 132 in asecond direction (or “second polarity”). The first winding 132 thereforecouples to the other windings in the transformer 130 and drives theseother windings to (or near) the voltage across the second capacitor 154,thereby inducing a similar voltage across each other even capacitor—andtherefore across each other even power level and solar substringconnected thereto—in the system 100.

9.2 Odd Shaded and Even Illuminated Solar Substrings within One PowerLevel Pair

Conversely, if the first solar substring 111 is shaded and the secondsolar substring 112 is illuminated, the second transistor 144 couplesthe transistor-side of the first winding 132 of the transformer 130 tothe second solar substring 112, which produces a voltage change in thesecond direction (or “second polarity”) across the first winding 132 ofthe transformer 130 up to the nominal operating voltage of the secondsolar substring 112, and current output by the second solar substring112 therefore flows in the second direction through the first winding132 of the transformer 130 during a low inductive drive stage.

This AC signal passing through the first winding 132 also causes thefirst winding 132 to couple to each other winding in the transformer 130and to drive these other windings to the same nominal operating voltagein the second direction, thereby increasing the voltage across any othersolar substring—connected to an even power level in the system 100—thatis currently shaded or otherwise outputting a lower voltage than thesecond solar substring 112.

The controller 210 then sets the odd transistors to closed states andthe even transistors to open states during a high inductive drive stage.Current flowing through the first winding 132 of the transformer 130 inthe second direction during the preceding low inductive drive stagecontinues to flow through the first winding 132 (i.e., due to inductanceof the first winding 132), energizes the first capacitor 152, and drivesthe voltage across the first solar substring 111 to the nominaloperating voltage.

In one variation of the example implementation, current flowing throughthe first winding 132 of the transformer 130 in the second directionduring the preceding low inductive drive stage continues to flow throughthe first winding 132 (i.e., due to inductance of the first winding132), energizes the first capacitor 152 and the first grounded capacitor201, and drives the voltage across the first solar substring 111 to thenominal operating voltage. In this variation, the first capacitor 152and the first grounded capacitor 201 are in a parallel configuration.Therefore, the first capacitor 152 and the first grounded capacitor 201operate as a single capacitor reflecting the sum of the capacitance ofthe first capacitor 152 and the first grounded capacitor 201.

In particular, the controller 210 switches between the high and lowinductive drive stages at 50% duty (i.e., 50% of each cycle in the highinductive drive stage and 50% of each cycle in the low inductive drivestage), which produces a voltage across the first capacitor 152 and thefirst solar substring 111 approaching or equal to the voltage across thesecond solar substring 112, thereby matching the voltages across thefirst solar substring in and second solar substring 112 of the samesolar cell chemistry during this illumination condition.

9.3 Multi-Level Operation

In this configuration, if the six solar substrings are similarlyilluminated, each solar substring outputs power of similar magnitude,such as 1 Watt output per solar substring given a nominal solarsubstring operating voltage of 1.0 Volt and a nominal solar substringoutput current of 1 Amp when illuminated for a total of 6 Watts outputby the six solar substrings when illuminated. When the system 100operates at 50% duty, the three power level pairs cooperate to produceapproximately 6.0 Volts across the power and ground rails. The thirdwinding 136 in the transformer 130 converts energy stored in thetransformer 130 core into an average current output to the load 270 of1.0 Amp for a total power output of approximately 6.0 Watts.

However, in this example, if only two of the six solar substrings aresimilarly illuminated and the remainder are shaded, each illuminatedsolar substring produces 1 Watt of output power for a total of 2 Wattsoutput across the six solar substrings. When the system 100 operates at50% duty, the six power level pairs cooperate to produce an output ofapproximately 6.0 Volts across the power and ground rails. The thirdwinding 136 in the transformer 130 converts energy stored in thetransformer 130 core into an average current output to the load 270 of0.33 Amps for a total power output of approximately 2 Watts.

10. Multiple Solar Chemistries

In yet another configuration shown in FIG. 3: a first set of solarsubstrings of a first solar cell chemistry (e.g., conventional siliconcrystalline) characterized by a first nominal operating voltage (e.g.,1.2 Volts) when illuminated are connected to the odd power levels in thesystem 100; and a second set of solar substrings of a second solar cellchemistry (e.g., perovskite) characterized by a second nominal operatingvoltage (e.g., 0.8 Volts) are connected to the even power levels.

In this configuration, the controller 210 can drive the transistors inthe power level pairs at a non-equal duty cycle in order to achieve thefirst nominal operating voltage across the odd power levels (andtherefore the first set of solar substrings) and to achieve the secondnominal operating voltage across the even power levels (and thereforethe second set of solar substrings) when at least one solar substringconnected to the system 100 is illuminated.

In one example, each solar substring in the first set of solarsubstrings includes conventional silicon crystalline solar cellsarranged in parallel and/or in series to yield a first nominal operatingvoltage of 1.2 Volts when illuminated. In this example, each solarsubstring in the second set of solar substrings includes perovskitesolar cells arranged in parallel and/or in series to yield a secondnominal operating voltage of 0.8 Volts when illuminated. In thisexample, the controller 210 switches between the high and low inductivedrive stages at 40% duty (i.e., 40% of each cycle in the high inductivedrive stage and 60% of each cycle in the low inductive drive stage).Transition from the high inductive drive stage to the low inductivedrive stage therefore produces a voltage across the even power levelsequal to two-thirds (i.e., 0.4:0.6) the voltage across the odd powerlevels (i.e., a 3:2 voltage ratio between the first and second powerlevels). More specifically, in this example, by oscillating the statesof the odd and even transistors at 40% duty cycle, the system 100 candrive each odd solar substring containing conventional siliconcrystalline solar cells to 1.2 Volts and drive each even solar substringcontaining perovskite solar cells to 0.8 Volts if at least one solarsubstring in the set is illuminated.

Furthermore, in this example, the system 100 can achieve a total outputvoltage of 12.0 Volts if at least one solar substring in the set isilluminated.

In another example, each solar substring in the first set of solarsubstrings contains a first quantity of solar cells of a particularsolar cell chemistry and connected in parallel and/or in series to yielda first nominal operating voltage; and each solar substring in thesecond set of solar substrings contains a second quantity of solarcells—less than the first quantity—of the same solar cell chemistry andconnected in parallel and/or in series to yield a second nominaloperating voltage less than the first nominal operating voltage. Inparticular, in this example, the first set of solar substrings caninclude larger solar substrings, and the second set of solar substringscan include smaller solar substrings. However, the system 100 canbalance the voltages and aggregate the power outputs of these twodifferent groups of solar substrings by adjusting the duty cycleaccording to the difference between (e.g., a ratio of) the nominaloperating voltages of these two different groups of solar substrings.

In yet another example implementation, a first solar substring 111includes a first set of solar cells. The first set of solar cells caninclude a first solar cell chemistry operable at a first nominaloperating voltage. Additionally, a second solar substring 112 includes asecond set of solar cells less than the first set of solar cells. Thesecond set of solar cells can include a second solar cell chemistrychemically distinct from the first solar cell chemistry, and operatingat a second nominal operating voltage. In particular, in this example,the first set of solar cells and the second set of solar cells eachinclude distinct quantities. Additionally, the first solar cellchemistry and the second solar cell chemistry are chemically distinctfrom each other. However, the system 100 can trigger the controller 210to drive the first pair of switches 140 for a first power level pair 122and the second pair of switches 160 for a second power level pair 124 toadjust the duty cycle according to a ratio of the nominal operatingvoltages of these two different groups of solar substrings.

The system and methods described herein can be embodied and/orimplemented at least in part as a machine configured to receive acomputer-readable medium storing computer-readable instructions. Theinstructions can be executed by computer-executable componentsintegrated with the application, applet, host, server, network, website,communication service, communication interface,hardware/firmware/software elements of a user computer or mobile device,wristband, smartphone, or any suitable combination thereof. Othersystems and methods of the embodiment can be embodied and/or implementedat least in part as a machine configured to receive a computer-readablemedium storing computer-readable instructions. The instructions can beexecuted by computer-executable components integrated with apparatusesand networks of the type described above. The computer-readable mediumcan be stored on any suitable computer readable media such as RAMs,ROMs, flash memory, EEPROMs, optical devices (CD or DVD), hard drives,floppy drives, or any suitable device. The computer-executable componentcan be a processor but any suitable dedicated hardware device can(alternatively or additionally) execute the instructions.

As a person skilled in the art will recognize from the previous detaileddescription and from the figures and claims, modifications and changescan be made to the embodiments of the invention without departing fromthe scope of this invention as defined in the following claims.

I claim:
 1. A system comprising: a first solar panel comprising: a firstsolar substring; and a second solar substring; and an inductive balancercircuit comprising: a first power level pair coupled to the first solarsubstring comprising: a first pair of switches arranged in series; afirst pair of capacitors arranged in series and connected in parallel tothe first pair of switches; and a first inductor arranged between thefirst pair of switches and the first pair of capacitors; and a secondpower level pair coupled to the second solar substring comprising: asecond pair of switches arranged in series; a second pair of capacitorsarranged in series and connected in parallel to the second pair ofswitches; and a second inductor arranged between the second pair ofswitches and the second pair of capacitors, connected to the first pairof switches and the first pair of capacitors; and a controller coupledto the inductive balancer circuit and configured to initiate a balancingcycle, during the balancing cycle: oscillate states of the first pair ofswitches and the second pair of switches at a first duty cycle; balancevoltages across the first power level pair and the second power levelpair; and generate a total voltage output that is a multiple of anominal operating voltage of a most-illuminated solar substring.
 2. Thesystem of claim 1: wherein the first power level pair further comprises:a first junction coupled to a ground rail; and a second junction coupledto the first junction via a first capacitor of the first pair ofcapacitors; and wherein the first pair of switches for the first powerlevel pair comprises: a first transistor comprising: a first sourceconnected to the ground rail; a first drain; and a first gate connectedto a first control output of the controller; and a second transistorcomprising: a second source connected to the first drain of the firsttransistor; a second drain connected to the second junction; and asecond gate connected to a second control output of the controller, and180° out of phase with the first control output.
 3. The system of claim2: wherein the first drain of the first transistor and the second sourceof the second transistor are connected to the first junction via thefirst inductor for the first power level pair; and wherein the seconddrain of the second transistor is connected to the second junction via asecond capacitor of the first pair of capacitors.
 4. The system of claim3: wherein the second power level pair further comprises: a thirdjunction coupled between the second capacitor and the second drain ofthe second transistor; and a fourth junction coupled to the thirdjunction via a third capacitor of the second pair of capacitors; andwherein the second pair of switches for the second power level paircomprises: a third transistor comprising: a third source connected tothe ground rail; a third drain; and a third gate connected to a thirdcontrol output of the controller; and a fourth transistor comprising: afourth source connected to the third drain of the third transistor; afourth drain connected to the fourth junction; and a fourth gateconnected to a fourth control output of the controller, and 180° out ofphase with the third control output.
 5. The system of claim 4: whereinthe third drain of the third transistor and the fourth source of thefourth transistor are connected to the third junction via the secondinductor for the second power level pair; wherein the fourth drain ofthe fourth transistor is connected to the fourth junction via a fourthcapacitor of the second pair of capacitors; wherein the first transistorand the second transistor are alternatively connected between a firstpower level and a second power level of the first power level pairacross the ground rail and the second junction; and wherein the thirdtransistor and the fourth transistor are alternatively connected betweena third power level and a fourth power level of the second power levelpair across the second junction and the fourth junction.
 6. The systemof claim 1: further comprising: a first transformer coupled to theinductive balancer circuit comprising: a first winding; and a secondwinding; wherein the first inductor arranged between the first pair ofswitches and the first pair of capacitors comprises the first winding;and wherein the second inductor arranged between the second pair ofswitches and the second pair of capacitors comprises the second winding.7. The system of claim 1: further comprising: a third solar substring;and a fourth solar substring; wherein the first power level pair furthercomprises: a first power level coupled to the first solar substring; anda second power level coupled to the third solar substring; wherein thesecond power level pair further comprises: a third power level coupledto the second solar substring; and a fourth power level coupled to thefourth solar substring; and wherein the controller is further configuredto, during the balancing cycle: induce a fixed voltage boost ratio; andgenerate a voltage output as a function of the ratio of each of thefirst, second, third, and fourth power levels, and the first duty cycleof the first pair of switches.
 8. The system of claim 1: wherein thefirst solar substring comprises a first set of solar cells comprising afirst solar cell chemistry, and operable at a first nominal operatingvoltage; wherein the second solar substring comprises a second set ofsolar cells less than the first set of solar cells comprising a secondsolar cell chemistry chemically distinct from the first solar cellchemistry, and operating at a second nominal operating voltage; andwherein the controller is further configured to, during the balancingcycle, drive the first pair of switches for each of the first powerlevel pair and the second power level pair at a second duty cyclegreater than the first duty cycle.
 9. The system of claim 2: wherein thefirst power level pair further comprises: a first power level; and asecond power level coupled to the first solar substring; and wherein thecontroller is further configured to, at a first time, initiate a firsthigh inductive drive stage, and during the first high inductive drivestage: drive a first control signal directed to the first control outputto a voltage HI state; drive a second control signal directed to thesecond control output to a voltage LO state; set the first transistor toan on-state; and set the second transistor to an off-state.
 10. Thesystem of claim 9: wherein during the first high inductive drive stage,the controller is further configured to: induce a first nominaloperating voltage for the first solar substring across the firstjunction and the second junction, in response to illumination of thefirst solar substring; and couple a first transistor side of the firstinductor to ground to: generate a first voltage change in a firstdirection across the first inductor; and direct a first current outputby the first solar substring in the first direction through the firstinductor.
 11. The system of claim 10, wherein the controller is furtherconfigured to, at a second time, following the first time, initiate afirst low inductive drive stage, and during the first low inductivedrive stage: drive a third control signal directed to the first controloutput to a voltage LO state; drive a fourth control signal directed tothe second control output to a voltage HI state; set the firsttransistor to an off-state; and set the second transistor to anon-state.
 12. The system of claim 11: wherein the second drain of thesecond transistor is connected to the second junction via a secondcapacitor of the first pair of capacitors; and wherein during the firstlow inductive drive stage the controller is further configured to:direct the first current output from the first inductor to the secondtransistor; and generate a first voltage across the second capacitor.13. The system of claim 1: further comprising a temperature sensorcoupled to the inductive balancer circuit and the controller; andwherein the controller is further configured to, during the balancingcycle: access a first temperature threshold; access a first temperaturefrom the temperature sensor; and terminate the balancing cycle, inresponse to the first temperature exceeding the first temperaturethreshold.
 14. The system of claim 1: further comprising a maximum powerpoint tracking (MPPT) sensor coupled to the inductive balancer circuit,and a load connected to the total output voltage; and wherein thecontroller is further configured to, during the balancing cycle: accessa first voltage load threshold; access a first voltage reading for theload; and decrease the first duty cycle to a second duty cycle, inresponse to the first voltage reading exceeding the first voltagethreshold.
 15. A system comprising: a first solar panel comprising: afirst solar panel substring and a second solar panel substring defininga first pair of solar substrings; and a third solar panel substring anda fourth solar panel substring defining a second pair of solar panelsubstrings; and an inductive balancer circuit comprising: a first powerlevel pair coupled to the first pair of solar substrings comprising: afirst pair of switches arranged in series; a first pair of capacitorsarranged in series and connected in parallel to the first pair ofswitches; and a first inductor arranged between the first pair ofswitches and the first pair of capacitors; a second power level paircoupled to the second pair of solar substrings comprising: a second pairof switches arranged in series; a second pair of capacitors arranged inseries and connected in parallel to the second pair of switches; and asecond inductor arranged between the second pair of switches and thesecond pair of capacitors, connected to the first pair of switches andthe first pair of capacitors; and a controller coupled to the inductivebalancer circuit and configured to initiate a balancing cycle, duringthe balancing cycle: oscillate states of the first pair of switches andthe second pair of switches at a first duty cycle; balance voltagesacross the first power level pair and the second power level pair;induce a fixed voltage boost ratio; and generate a total voltage outputas a function of the ratio of each of the first power level pair, secondpower level pair, and the first duty cycle.
 16. The system of claim 15:wherein the first pair of solar substrings comprises. a first set ofsolar cells comprising a first solar cell chemistry, and operable at afirst nominal operating voltage; wherein the second pair of solarsubstrings comprises: a second quantity of solar cells less than thefirst quantity of solar cells; a second solar cell chemistry chemicallydistinct from the first solar cell chemistry; and a second nominaloperating voltage less than the first nominal operating voltage; andwherein the controller is further configured to, during the balancingcycle, drive the first pair of switches for each of the first powerlevel pair and the second power level pair at a second duty cyclegreater than the first duty cycle.
 17. The system of claim 15: whereinthe first power level pair further comprises: a first junction coupledto a ground rail; and a second junction coupled to the first junctionvia a first capacitor of the first pair of capacitors; and wherein thefirst pair of switches for the first power level pair comprises: a firsttransistor comprising: a first source connected to the ground rail; afirst drain; and a first gate connected to a first control output of thecontroller; and a second transistor comprising: a second sourceconnected to the first drain of the first transistor; a second drainconnected to the second junction; and a second gate connected to asecond control output of the controller, and 180° out of phase with thefirst control output.
 18. The system of claim 17: wherein the firstpower level pair further comprises: a first power level coupled to thefirst solar substring; and a second power level coupled to the secondsolar substring; and wherein the controller is further configured to, ata first time, initiate a first high inductive drive stage, and duringthe first high inductive drive stage: set the first transistor to anon-state; set the second transistor to an off-state; induce a firstnominal operating voltage for the first solar substring across the firstjunction and the second junction, in response to: a first illuminationof the first solar substring; and a second illumination of the secondsolar substring less than the first illumination; and couple a firsttransistor side of the first inductor to ground to: generate a firstvoltage change in a first direction across the first inductor; anddirect a first current output by the first solar substring in the firstdirection through the first inductor.
 19. The system of claim 18:wherein the second drain of the second transistor is connected to thesecond junction via a second capacitor of the first pair of capacitors;and wherein the controller is further configured to, at a second timefollowing the first time, initiate a first low inductive drive stage,and during the first low inductive drive stage: set the first transistorto an off-state; set the second transistor to an on-state; direct thefirst current output from the first inductor to the second transistor;and generate a first voltage across the second capacitor.
 20. The systemof claim 15: further comprising a maximum power point tracking (MPPT)sensor coupled to the inductive balancer circuit, and a load connectedto the total output voltage; and wherein the controller is furtherconfigured to, during the balancing cycle: access a first voltage loadthreshold; access a first voltage reading for the load; decrease thefirst duty cycle to a second duty cycle, in response to the firstvoltage reading exceeding the first voltage threshold; and increase thefirst duty cycle to a third duty cycle, in response to the first voltagereading falling below the first voltage threshold.